WILD GREEN YONDER AIR FORCE????
US military launches alternative-fuel push
Dependence on oil seen as too risky; b-1 takes test flight.
Yochi J. Dreazen, Wall Street Journal
21 May 2008 08:41
WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, N.M. -- With fuel prices soaring, the U.S.
military, the country's largest single consumer of oil, is turning into an
alternative-fuels pioneer.
In March, Air Force Capt. Rick Fournier flew a B-1 stealth bomber
code-named Dark 33 across this sprawling proving ground, to confirm for
the first time that a plane could break the sound barrier using synthetic
jet fuel. A similar formula -- a blend of half-synthetic and
half-conventional petroleum -- has been used in some South African
commercial airliners for years, but never in a jet going so fast.
"The hope is that the plane will be blind to the gas," Capt. Fournier said
as he gripped the handle controlling the plane's thrusters during the test
flight. "But you won't know unless you try."
With oil's multiyear ascent showing no signs of stopping -- crude futures
set another record Tuesday, closing at $129.07 a barrel in New York
trading -- energy security has emerged as a major concern for the
Pentagon.
The U.S. military consumes 340,000 barrels of oil a day, or 1.5% of all of
the oil used in the country. The Defense Department's overall energy bill
was $13.6 billion in 2006, the latest figure available -- almost 25%
higher than the year before. The Air Force's bill for jet fuel alone has
tripled in the past four years. When the White House submitted its latest
budget request for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, it tacked on a $2
billion surcharge for rising fuel costs.
Synthetic fuel, which can be made from coal or natural gas, is expensive
now, but could cost far less than the current price of oil if it's
mass-produced.
Just as important, the military is increasingly concerned that its
dependence on oil represents a strategic threat. U.S. forces in Iraq alone
consume 40,000 barrels of oil a day trucked in from neighboring countries,
and would be paralyzed without it. Energy-security advocates warn that
terrorist attacks on oil refineries or tankers could cripple military
operations around the world. "The endgame is to wean the dependence on
foreign oil," says Air Force Assistant Secretary William Anderson.
Some Pentagon officers have embraced planning around the "peak oil"
theory, which holds that the world's oil production is about to plateau
due to shrinking resources and limited investment in many of the most
oil-rich regions of the Middle East. Earlier this year, they brought
Houston investment banker Matthew Simmons to the Pentagon for a
presentation on peak oil; he warned that under the theory, "energy
security becomes an oxymoron." House Democrats have proposed creating a
new Defense Department position to manage the military's overall energy
needs.
Alternative fuels are part of a broader -- and not so long ago unlikely --
conversion by the military to "green" initiatives. Producing synthetic
fuel itself can cause more pollution than conventional fuel if the
emissions aren't captured. But Army engineers also are pushing contractors
to build armored vehicles with hybrid engines. The Air Force is
experimenting with making engine parts out of lighter metals such as
titanium to boost fuel efficiency.
In December, Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas opened one of the
largest solar arrays in the U.S., a 140-acre field of 72,000 motorized
panels that powers the base and sells energy to nearby communities. The
Pentagon is soliciting bids for three similar arrays on other bases. The
military even has begun looking into the possibility of building small
nuclear-power plants on unused portions of its more remote bases, though
it has no firm plans yet.
The Pentagon is hoping its push for alternative energy will feed civilian
applications as well. For synthetic fuel, the Air Force is working with
aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing Corp. and the Pratt & Whitney engine
unit of United Technologies Corp. North American synthetic-fuel processors
including Rentech Inc., Baard Energy and Syntroleum Corp. all operate or
hope to build synthetic-fuel refineries to feed the military's growing
thirst.
"Our goal is to drive the development of a market here in the U.S.," says
Mr. Anderson.
Military use of synthetic fuel faces significant obstacles. The energy
bill signed into law by President Bush last year included a clause
preventing the government from buying the fuel if it emits more pollution
than petroleum. Manufacturers have promised to meet that target by
recapturing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses produced in
refining. Without those efforts, synthetic fuel can emit up to twice as
much pollution in refining as conventional petroleum.
Prices' Impact
Synthetic-fuel prices also need to fall: Formerly stratospheric, they're
still about 50% above the soaring prices for petroleum. That should happen
if companies can begin operating commercial-scale refineries, says David
Berg, a policy analyst who studied the nascent synthetic-fuel market for
the Energy Department in December. He estimated that commercial-scale
synthetic-fuel refineries would be able to sell artificial fuel for
approximately $55 a barrel, less than half the current cost of
conventional crude oil.
But many in the field say they're unwilling to invest the necessary
billions until they can sign long-term contracts with the government.
Right now, the Air Force legally can sign deals only for five years. It
has asked the White House's Office of Management and Budget to seek
congressional approval for the rule change, but the Bush administration
has yet to act on the request, Mr. Anderson says.
"These plants are not likely to get built without government help" such as
guaranteed long-term contracts, says Mr. Berg, who recently retired. "And
they may not get built even then."
The problems are particularly acute for the Air Force, which uses about
2.6 billion gallons of jet fuel a year, or 10% of the entire domestic
market in aviation fuel. The Air Force's fuel costs neared $6 billion last
year, up from $2 billion in 2003, even as its consumption fell by more
than 10% over the same period because of energy-savings measures,
including a campaign to shut off lights and lower thermostats at bases.
The Air Force wants to be able to purchase 400 million gallons of
synthetic jet fuel a year by 2016, an amount equal to 25% of its total
fuel needs for missions in the continental U.S. This year, it expects to
buy slightly more than 300,000 gallons.
The Air Force launched its artificial-fuel initiative in the spring of
2006. Testifying before the Senate that March, Air Force Secretary Michael
Wynne told lawmakers that "we realize our reliance on petroleum-based
fuels must be curtailed." The Air Force gave a small team at its
Wright-Patterson base near Dayton, Ohio, the mission of finding a
synthetic fuel capable of powering all of the service's fighters, bombers
and other planes.
Despite its high-tech connotations, synthetic fuel -- often dubbed
"synfuel" for short within the industry -- has been around for decades.
The basic technology for transforming coal or natural gas into synthetic
fuel was invented by a pair of German researchers, Franz Fischer and Hans
Tropsch, in the 1920s. The Nazis later used the Fischer-Tropsch process to
mass-produce synthetic diesel fuel. During the apartheid-era embargo
against South Africa, scientists there tweaked the technology so it could
also produce synthetic jet fuel.
The Fischer-Tropsch process transforms a synthetic gas derived from coal
or other material into liquid gas. The resulting synthetic fuel is
different from biofuel, commonly produced from corn, sugar or other
plants. Continental Airlines Inc. has announced plans for an experimental
flight using biofuel this spring, which would be the first by a U.S.
carrier; Virgin Atlantic also has done some testing.
The Wright-Patterson team oversaw experiments on a wide array of synthetic
fuels, but quickly settled on a 50-50 blend of conventional jet fuel --
known as JP-8 -- and artificial fuel made using the Fischer-Tropsch
process. That mixture is used in South Africa, where Johannesburg-based
Sasol Ltd. is one of the world's biggest synthetic-fuel producers. Air
Force officials decided it was the safest combination.
B-52 Bomber Test
In June 2006, the Air Force agreed to buy 100,000 gallons of artificial
fuel from U.S.-based Syntroleum to mix with petroleum for testing. The
next month, military engineers bolted an engine from a B-52 bomber to a
table at Tinker Air Force base in Oklahoma and ran it for 50 consecutive
hours to see how it would perform on the synthetic blend. Engineers
detected no differences from conventional fuel.
The Air Force began conducting test flights. In September 2006, a B-52
took off from Edwards Air Force Base in California with two of its eight
engines burning the synthetic-fuel blend, the first time a military
aircraft had flown on artificial fuel. The plane's performance was the
same as if it had flown on conventional fuel, and the Air Force decided to
push ahead.
As the Air Force's experimentation increased, so did the involvement of
the private sector. Military and civilian aircraft share many parts and
are often built by the same companies. The military's Boeing C-17 cargo
jet, for instance, uses the same Pratt & Whitney engine as a Boeing 757
passenger plane. Pentagon officials are sharing their research into
synthetic fuels with such firms to help civilian companies certify their
equipment on the synthetic-fuel blend.
At the military's direction, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce PLC, Honeywell
International Inc. and General Electric Co. have agreed to work together
to develop joint specifications for how their engines perform on
artificial fuels. Last November, engineers from Pratt & Whitney mounted
one of the company's C-17 engines in a high-tech pressure chamber at
Arnold Air Force Base in Tennessee and simulated a variety of altitudes
and weather conditions to gauge the engine's performance. The tests were
"enormously uneventful," says Alan Epstein, the company's vice president
of technology and environment -- an encouraging sign.
In late 2006, Baard Energy of Vancouver had said it would build the first
commercial-scale synthetic-fuel refinery in the U.S., to be completed in
2012. Chief Executive John Baardson says he decided to roll the dice on
the $6 billion plant because of the military's interest. "There isn't a
market for this right now, so it takes a little bit of faith to get these
plants going," he says. "Knowing the military was out there took one huge
risk factor out of the decision-making process."
But other companies haven't followed suit. Syntroleum shut down the plant
that produced the fuel used in the B-52 test flight; it had only been
designed to produce small samples for experiments. Rentech is building a
new refinery in Colorado, but its plant also is meant to only refine
minute samples of synthetic fuel.
"It's a chicken and egg thing: We'll build a larger plant if we can get
the money to finance it and find customers willing to buy what it
produces," says Rick Penning, Rentech's executive vice president of
commercial affairs.
The pure synthetic fuel Syntroleum sold the Air Force for the B-52 test
flight in 2006 cost almost $20 a gallon. Its price since has come down
sharply, but the synthetic product used in the B-1 supersonic test in
March still cost $4.62 a gallon. It was mixed with petroleum fuel costing
$3.04 a gallon, according to government officials.
Testing Its Planes
The Air Force plans to finish testing all of its planes on the fuel blend
by 2011. Last month, it was time to test artificial fuel on supersonic
flights. Air Force officials decided to start with a B-1 bomber, a
supersonic plane that has been in service since 1986.
The test flight was assigned to Capt. Fournier and a two-man crew from the
9th Bomber Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base, in Abilene, Texas. The unit's
Latin motto, "Mors ab Alto," translates into "Death From Above."
On a clear day in March, the three men took off for New Mexico with a
reporter aboard. When the B-1 crossed into the closed airspace above the
White Sands Missile Range, Capt. Fournier yanked back his throttle and
sent the plane climbing almost straight up, throwing the bomber's
occupants back into their seats. He then pitched into a steep dive. Pens
and other small objects hovered around the cabin, weightless, until the
plane leveled off again.
Capt. Fournier fired the plane's afterburners and sent the bomber roaring
over the range. A small dial in the cockpit showed that the bomber was
flying faster than Mach 1.
Back at Dyess, the crew packed into a small conference room to analyze the
flight with a crew of military and civilian officials, including a pair of
engineers from GE, which makes the bomber's engines. Capt. Fournier said
the plane handled normally at high speeds and on sharp turns. The only
difference he noticed was that the synthetic fuel had a different smell
than conventional jet fuel. "So it didn't give you the normal buzz?" one
of the engineers joked.
With the B-1 certified to fly on the synthetic mix, Maj. Donald Rhymer,
the deputy director of the Air Force's alternative-fuels certification
office, said the Air Force would soon test fighters such as its workhorse
F-16.
"Our biggest litmus test was Capt. Fournier coming out of the B-1 and
saying that it was an unremarkable flight," Maj. Rhymer said as the
meeting ended. "That's the subjective endorsement we're looking for with
all of the planes.